1) After explaining that the apostasy of Israel has benefited the gentiles, and that Israel's eventual acceptance of Christ will lead to even greater benefit, Paul explains why gentiles should not look down upon the Jews. In verses 17-20, Paul uses the analogy of the gentiles being branches from a wild olive tree being grafted into the olive tree of faith after some of that tree's branches have been broken off. However, the fact that the gentiles have been brought into the family of God should not give them cause to be prideful. In verse 21, Paul notes that if God was willing to let this happen to the natural branches (Israel), the same possibly could happen to the grafted branches (gentiles). Paul advises his readers to consider both God's goodness as well as his severity, stating that they can count on receiving God's goodness if they "continue in His goodness. Otherwise you also will be cut off." (v. 22).
--Paul warns against having pride in once's position as a Christian to the extent that we use it to hold it over the Jews. Theologically, why shouldn't Christians exhibit pride? Why is it practically important that the Christian not exhibit pride? Who are some groups that today Christians often exhibit pride against?
--Wesley notes that when Paul tells the gentile believers not to have pride, but rather fear, that the fear being spoke of here has the effect of preventing against pride and security. Wesley takes the opportunity to say that Christians can fall from their faith, noting that Paul specifically states that God's goodness is experienced by those who continue in His goodness, but those who do not continue will be cut off. Calvin says it is a warning that does not change the fact that Christians are eternally secure. Calvin does this by saying Paul is addressing the gentiles as a group and saying that just as the Jews were broken off, the gentiles as a group could be also. Who do you think is right?
2) Paul states that if the Jews do not persist in their unbelief, God will graft them back into the tree of the family of God. After all, if God could bring the gentiles into the family of faith, then it makes sense that He can bring the Jews back in since they are God's chosen people. (v. 23-24). Paul says that it is a mystery of God why the Jews have becomed partially blind towards the things of God, but that once all the Gentile believers are grafted in all Isreal will be saved, quoting scripture regarding God's covenant promises to Isreal. Paul quotes Isa 59: 20 to that effect. (v. 25-27). Paul points out that while the Jews are enemies of the Gospel, they are still loved by God for the sake of their forefathers because the gifts and calling of God are irrevocable. (v. 28-29). For just as the gentiles were once disobedient but have been shown mercy, the same will apply to the Jews. (v. 30-31). Paul says that Paul has committed all over to disobedience in order that he might have mercy on all. (v. 32). Paul concludes with a brief meditation on the depth of God's wisdom and knowledge, and the impossibility of fully understanding the ways of God. Isaiah 40:13 and Jeremiah 23:18 and Job 41:11 are quoted in verses 34-35. Paul concludes this section of his epistle dealing with God's dealings with Israel celebrating the fact that God is the creator, sustainer and God (natch) of all things.
--Paul indicates that the gifts and calling of God are irrevocable. Should we find comfort in this fact?
--Calvin states that verse 32 means that God has so arranged all of creation in such a way that every person would be guilty of unbelief, but that he does not directly cause the unbelief of these persons. This is done so that God can provide salvation that is depending solely on the goodness of God. Wesley interprets this passage less that God is arranging creation so that all will rebel against Him, but rather that God has permitted this to happen. With whom do you believe? How should we interpret the statement that God has allowed disobedience in order to "have mercy on all." If some reformed theologians teach that Romans 9-11 teaches that God has specifically bound all persons over to disobedience so that he can elect certain persons, doesn't this verse indicate that all persons will be saved? Because of this, all three chapters are best read as a discussion of God's dealing with his chosen people as a group, not as how he acts with regard to individuals.
--Why is it important that we recognize the impossibility of figuring out all the ways of God? Why do you think Paul ended this section of the epistle (ch. 1-11) the way he did, praising the sovreignty of God?
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